There's no comparison between the two, except in the bullet diameter. Common sense would dictate that the 10mm has the larger case capacity and that it would handle heavier bullets better than the smaller case 40 S&W.
Underwood ammo provides a great example of this. The 10mm really shows how much more powerful it is than the 40 S&W, especially using heavier bullets. 250 FPS and 250 FPE with 200 gr bullets is a major upgrade in power. The 10mm with a 220 gr load is faster and more potent than the 200 gr 40 S&W load by 200 FPS and 259 FPE.
https://www.underwoodammo.com/40-s-w-200-grain-hard-cast-flat-nose/Technical Information
Caliber: 40 S&W
Bullet Weight: 200 Grains
Bullet Style: Hardcast Flat Nose 21 BHN
Case Type: Brass
.
Ballistics Information:
Muzzle Velocity: 1000 fps
Muzzle Energy: 444 ft. lbs.
https://www.underwoodammo.com/10mm-auto-200-grain-hard-cast-flat-nose/ Technical Information
Caliber: 10mm Auto
Bullet Weight: 200 Grains
Bullet Style: Hardcast Flat Nose 21 BHN
Case Type: Brass
Ballistics Information:
Muzzle Velocity: 1250 fps
Muzzle Energy: 694 ft. lbs.
https://www.underwoodammo.com/10mm-auto-220-grain-hard-cast-flat-nose/ Technical Information
Caliber: 10mm Auto
Bullet Weight: 220 Grains
Bullet Style: Hardcast Flat Nose 21 BHN
Case Type: Brass
Ballistics Information:
Muzzle Velocity: 1200 fps
Muzzle Energy: 703 ft. lbs.