XL5... WOW!!! Thanks for posting this!
The bottom group in your photo, above, is one that is familiar to me (and, I suspect, most reloaders who shoot a lot of "test" groups). You look at that nice tight group on the right, and then you have to explain the "flyer" way out there in left field... was it a gust of wind? a flinch? or does my new rifle shoot flyers with unpredictable regularity? If the latter, you don't want to hunt with that rifle!
I recall reading an explanation for using 3-shot groups years ago and sort of understood it, so I've done 3-shot groups ever since when sighting-in a scope or when doing load development. But it didn't make sense to me as much as your explanation does. Thanks again.
I have been intimidated by Excel for years. Now I have a reason for overcoming my fears....
FWIW, I posted the OP not as a statistics lesson, but simply to illustrate the way groups are measured for competition purposes.