The larger bore to case volume ratio the better for short barrels. The larger diameter bullets in the same case size will normally have faster burning powders and thus more complete combustion.
In this case size the most efficient short barreled rifle would be in progression - 358 Win, 338 Federal, 308 Win, 7mm-08 Rem, 6.5mm (260 Rem), 6mm (243 Win).
