did that once with my Marlins, fired a .30-30 in my .45-70.
Ended up with a reverse bottleneck case. From the mouth back a little over an inch the case was fireformed to the chamber, i.e. .45 caliber. The rest of the case looked normal.
No idea where the bullet went. All I heard at the time was the 'clack' of the hammer dropping.
{Edited to add photo}