That's not an easy question to answer, but VERY simplified: The satellite owner/operator decides on the orbit it wants. The launch provider then calculates the best path and launch time to achieve that orbit. Complicating factors include the rocket's capability, other satellites or objects already in orbit that might conflict, sun angle and position for heating and power generation, sun activity (which changes the upper atmosphere's density and/or increases radiation), availability of tracking stations, weather, shipping schedules near the launch site, and several more I could remember if I had more time.
Yes, there are NOTAMs for aviation, and Coast Guard notices for shipping.
