The 257 Roberts and the 260 Remington, both with good 120 grain bullets, work well on deer-size game and smaller with noticeably less recoil than the 30-06 in rifles of similar weight. But there is no free lunch. Smaller cartridges do less damage to game animals. I am fond of the addage that larger cartridges make them "sicker quicker." However, with specific bullet placement, even small cartridges can plant them DRT as long as there is sufficient penetration. Almost invariably the animal will run a ways after the "classic" behind-the-shoulder shot, regardless of caliber used.
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