If the question is what cartridge is least affected by a short barrel, I would vote for 22 rimfire or maybe the 45acp. I think the question should be what would be most effective in a short barrel.

Within reason the fastest cartridge in a caliber will still be fastest in a short barrel.
A 300 win mag will be faster than a 308. 16" or 26", apples to apples.

Now, how much recoil and muzzle blast you want, that is the question.

I remember a review on a Savage bolt pistol in 300WSM. It was equivalent to a rifle in 308, but, that pistol in 308, would have been behind the WSM.

Last edited by Dillonbuck; 12/18/17.

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