Chop-shot, cut from soft sheet lead. I use old x-ray room wall lining, but you could pour molten lead really thin, I guess.
Mixed shot sizes, say some #12 & some #9, also help, but nothing
I've found beats the chop-shot. Ineffecient shape, sharp corners,
edges- each little piece does more damage than a sphere.
In .44 cases, without plastic capsules, these have many times torn a pop can nearly in half at 8-10 paces. Very good snake load, and the same system works best I've found, in smaller cases. Capsules, of course, are better yet. Over-powder wads
can be pre-cut wads for cap & ball guns, top with light cardboard wad, run a fair crimp w seating die, top with liquid alox and let it cure.