Idaho, very open terrain. Often see elk at 1/2 to 1 mile or farther.
Shortest distance, maybe 50 yds. Longest, 350. Average, 100 to 150.
I've never shot one in black timber. Mine have all been in the open or along edges as they're moving in and out of the timber. If you bump them out of black timber, they won't quit running for 5 miles and they won't be back.