24hourcampfire.com
24hourcampfire.com
-->
Previous Thread
Next Thread
Print Thread
Hop To
Page 15 of 24 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 23 24
Joined: Oct 2012
Posts: 2,954
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
Joined: Oct 2012
Posts: 2,954
Originally Posted by satx78247
To All,

May I remind everyone that the dog on the RCA records labels was a Pitt Bull & "canine the STAR of the show" of the old SPANKEY & OUR GANG comedies was a Pitt Bull, too??

TRUTH is that Pitt Bulls are NO more likely, if well-socialized & obedience trained", than any other large dog is to be dangerous. = Face facts, "Pitt HATERS", you don't have a clue & are simply believing the MYTH that is endlessly repeated by the same LIARS of the "mass media" that demonizes guns & gun-owners like the members of this forum.
(My first lap-dog, when I was a little boy was a red-nosed Pitt Bull & "Dopey" loved everyone & would bite nothing more alive than a buttered biscuit.)

yours, tex


Two boys, one 8 and the other 10, were killed in Henderson, TX a few years ago. You'll never guess the breed. Pits are bred to kill and they do it on a regular basis.

GB1

Joined: Oct 2012
Posts: 2,954
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
Joined: Oct 2012
Posts: 2,954
Originally Posted by PaulBarnard
Originally Posted by The_Real_Hawkeye
Originally Posted by mngunhead
That was one scary dog. He's about 90 pounds of lean angry muscle.


Amazing how some dogs are like that. I remember a dog show I attended where there were two male Boxers that were littermates whose musculature rivaled any I've seen on Pitbulls. I once saw a Rottweiler like that, too.


Wendy the whippet is like that.

[Linked Image]


Is that really a dog?

Joined: Oct 2004
Posts: 26,642
Likes: 20
Campfire Ranger
Offline
Campfire Ranger
Joined: Oct 2004
Posts: 26,642
Likes: 20
Originally Posted by Gun_Geezer
Originally Posted by PaulBarnard
Originally Posted by The_Real_Hawkeye
Originally Posted by mngunhead
That was one scary dog. He's about 90 pounds of lean angry muscle.


Amazing how some dogs are like that. I remember a dog show I attended where there were two male Boxers that were littermates whose musculature rivaled any I've seen on Pitbulls. I once saw a Rottweiler like that, too.


Wendy the whippet is like that.

[Linked Image]


Is that really a dog?


Yep. The genetic defect appears in cattle sometimes too.

https://stories.barkpost.com/wendy-the-whippet/

Joined: Jul 2009
Posts: 8,923
RDW Offline
Campfire Outfitter
Offline
Campfire Outfitter
Joined: Jul 2009
Posts: 8,923
Originally Posted by satx78247
To All,

May I remind everyone that the dog on the RCA records labels was a Pitt Bull & "canine the STAR of the show" of the old SPANKEY & OUR GANG comedies was a Pitt Bull, too??

TRUTH is that Pitt Bulls are NO more likely, if well-socialized & obedience trained", than any other large dog is to be dangerous. = Face facts, "Pitt HATERS", you don't have a clue & are simply believing the MYTH that is endlessly repeated by the same LIARS of the "mass media" that demonizes guns & gun-owners like the members of this forum.
(My first lap-dog, when I was a little boy was a red-nosed Pitt Bull & "Dopey" loved everyone & would bite nothing more alive than a buttered biscuit.)

yours, tex



Total horsesiht.............


Dave

Joined: Oct 2004
Posts: 26,642
Likes: 20
Campfire Ranger
Offline
Campfire Ranger
Joined: Oct 2004
Posts: 26,642
Likes: 20
Originally Posted by satx78247
To All,

May I remind everyone that the dog on the RCA records labels was a Pitt Bull & "canine the STAR of the show" of the old SPANKEY & OUR GANG comedies was a Pitt Bull, too??

TRUTH is that Pitt Bulls are NO more likely, if well-socialized & obedience trained", than any other large dog is to be dangerous. = Face facts, "Pitt HATERS", you don't have a clue & are simply believing the MYTH that is endlessly repeated by the same LIARS of the "mass media" that demonizes guns & gun-owners like the members of this forum.
(My first lap-dog, when I was a little boy was a red-nosed Pitt Bull & "Dopey" loved everyone & would bite nothing more alive than a buttered biscuit.)

yours, tex



You certainly left yourself an easy out with that one. "If well socialized and obedience trained." When they attack, you can simply say they weren't well trained and socialized, even though many of the owners say they were right up to the point of the attack.

IC B2

Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 24,418
Likes: 5
7
700LH Offline OP
Campfire Ranger
OP Offline
Campfire Ranger
7
Joined: Mar 2007
Posts: 24,418
Likes: 5
Originally Posted by satx78247
May I remind everyone that the dog on the RCA records labels was a Pitt Bull & "canine the STAR of the show" of the old SPANKEY & OUR GANG comedies was a Pitt Bull, too??

Some one poisoned the Our Gang dog, so he wasn't so well loved by folks that knew him.

RCA dog Nipper

Quote
Breed Mongrel (part Fox Terrier or Jack Russell Terrier)
Sex Male
Born 1884
Bristol, England
Died 1895 (aged 11)
England


[Linked Image]

Francis Barraud's original painting of Nipper looking into an Edison Bell cylinder

Last edited by 700LH; 01/01/18.
Joined: Apr 2013
Posts: 14,048
Likes: 1
Campfire Outfitter
Offline
Campfire Outfitter
Joined: Apr 2013
Posts: 14,048
Likes: 1
Originally Posted by PaulBarnard
Originally Posted by Gun_Geezer
Originally Posted by PaulBarnard
Originally Posted by The_Real_Hawkeye
Originally Posted by mngunhead
That was one scary dog. He's about 90 pounds of lean angry muscle.


Amazing how some dogs are like that. I remember a dog show I attended where there were two male Boxers that were littermates whose musculature rivaled any I've seen on Pitbulls. I once saw a Rottweiler like that, too.


Wendy the whippet is like that.

[Linked Image]


Is that really a dog?


Yep. The genetic defect appears in cattle sometimes too.

https://stories.barkpost.com/wendy-the-whippet/

knew a guy 50 years ago that was born with double muscles, one weird looking dude with his shirt off! last i heard he died at around 40 years old. his heart couldn't support all that.


the consolidation of the states into one vast republic, sure to be aggressive abroad and despotic at home, will be the certain precursor of that ruin which has overwhelmed all those that have preceded. Robert E Lee
~Molɔ̀ːn Labé Skýla~
Joined: Dec 2003
Posts: 86,328
Likes: 32
Campfire Oracle
Offline
Campfire Oracle
Joined: Dec 2003
Posts: 86,328
Likes: 32
Originally Posted by satx78247
To All,

May I remind everyone that the dog on the RCA records labels was a Pitt Bull & "canine the STAR of the show" of the old SPANKEY & OUR GANG comedies was a Pitt Bull, too??

TRUTH is that Pitt Bulls are NO more likely, if well-socialized & obedience trained", than any other large dog is to be dangerous. = Face facts, "Pitt HATERS", you don't have a clue & are simply believing the MYTH that is endlessly repeated by the same LIARS of the "mass media" that demonizes guns & gun-owners like the members of this forum.
(My first lap-dog, when I was a little boy was a red-nosed Pitt Bull & "Dopey" loved everyone & would bite nothing more alive than a buttered biscuit.)

yours, tex

Nope.
Petey was an American Bulldog. Similar, but not the same.


If you take the time it takes, it takes less time.
--Pat Parelli

American by birth; Alaskan by choice.
--ironbender
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
S
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
S
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
PaulBarnard,

EVERY dog should be well-socialized & trained in my opinion, even your tiny Yorkie,

Like I said, do NOT believe the MYTH about Pitt Bulls. - They are NO more dangerous than any other large powerful dog.

Fwiw, in 1996, I had to have a Border Collie put down because he seriously bit my cousin in the face. - Collies are SAID to be OK dogs. (That one obviously was NOT.)

Some few Pitts are BAD; MOST are fine as canines/pets. = FACT.

yours, tex


"VICTORY OR DEATH"

William Barrett Travis, Lt.Col., comdt.
Fortress of The Alamo, Bejar
F'by 24, 1836
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
S
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
S
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
ironbender,

And you KNOW that HOW?? - The book JUST ONE OF THE GANG , by one of "the boys" on the OUR GANG comedies says that he was a Pitt Bull.

IF you are correct, what is the difference in an American Bulldog & a Pitt Bull Terrier OR a Am Staff??
(ALL of the bully breeds LOOK the same to me.)

yours, tex


"VICTORY OR DEATH"

William Barrett Travis, Lt.Col., comdt.
Fortress of The Alamo, Bejar
F'by 24, 1836
IC B3

Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
S
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
S
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
sollybug,

IF you want to SEE a MORON, go look in the nearest mirror, as you have NO FACTS but rather just a LOT of BRAVO SIERRA & IGNORANT "name-calling", that makes you LOOK foolish to persons of normal IQ.

May I suggest that until/unless you have DOCUMENTED FACTS that you keep your ignorance to yourself, so that you are LAUGHED AT & thought to be a fool.

yours, tex


"VICTORY OR DEATH"

William Barrett Travis, Lt.Col., comdt.
Fortress of The Alamo, Bejar
F'by 24, 1836
Joined: Dec 2003
Posts: 86,328
Likes: 32
Campfire Oracle
Offline
Campfire Oracle
Joined: Dec 2003
Posts: 86,328
Likes: 32
Originally Posted by satx78247
ironbender,

And you KNOW that HOW?? - The book JUST ONE OF THE GANG , by one of "the boys" on the OUR GANG comedies says that he was a Pitt Bull.

IF you are correct, what is the difference in an American Bulldog & a Pitt Bull Terrier OR a Am Staff??
(ALL of the bully breeds LOOK the same to me.)

yours, tex

Google-fu.


If you take the time it takes, it takes less time.
--Pat Parelli

American by birth; Alaskan by choice.
--ironbender
Joined: Oct 2011
Posts: 59,239
Likes: 38
Campfire Kahuna
Offline
Campfire Kahuna
Joined: Oct 2011
Posts: 59,239
Likes: 38
Originally Posted by ironbender
Originally Posted by satx78247
ironbender,

And you KNOW that HOW?? - The book JUST ONE OF THE GANG , by one of "the boys" on the OUR GANG comedies says that he was a Pitt Bull.

IF you are correct, what is the difference in an American Bulldog & a Pitt Bull Terrier OR a Am Staff??
(ALL of the bully breeds LOOK the same to me.)

yours, tex

Google-fu.


Pete the Pup (original, 1924 – June 1930; second Pete, September 9, 1929 – January 28, 1946) was a character in Hal Roach's Our Gang comedies (later known as The Little Rascals) during the 1930s. Otherwise known as "Pete, the Dog With the Ring Around His Eye", or simply "Petey", he was well known for having a circled eye that was added on by Hollywood make-up artist Max Factor[1] and credited as an oddity in Ripley's Believe It or Not. The original Pete (sired by "Tudor's Black Jack") was an APBT named "Pal, the Wonder Dog", and had a natural ring almost completely around his right eye; dye was used to finish it off.

Link.

Link2.


Last edited by 12344mag; 01/01/18.

Paul

"I'd rather see a sermon than hear a sermon".... D.A.D.

Trump Won!, Sandmann Won!, Rittenhouse Won!, Suck it Liberal Fuuktards.

molɔ̀ːn labé skýla

Joined: Aug 2003
Posts: 13,949
J
Campfire Outfitter
Offline
Campfire Outfitter
J
Joined: Aug 2003
Posts: 13,949

http://safetybeforebulldogs.blogspot.com/2014/04/animal-science-experts-on-pit-bulls.html

Quote


Wednesday, August 9, 2017

Animal Science Experts on Pit Bulls
Animal Science Experts: Behaviorists, Biologists, Geneticists, Veterinarians, and other science professionals on pit bulls

Karin Pienaar, Animal Behaviorist, Senior Lecturer, DipCABT (COAPE) OCN, CertCAB, CAPBT Practitioner

It's important to understand that when a Pit Bull Terrier is engaged in aggression they are not being vicious, more often they are not having fun - because that is what the dog is bred to do. When a dog is able to do what they've been bred to do they have a huge release of dopamine which makes them feel fantastic.
http://bit.ly/2vGbdgV

Caroline Coile, Ph.D., Canine Research and Writing, author of "Pit Bulls for Dummies," 2015 inductee Dog Writers Association of America Hall of Fame

I am the author of Pit Bulls for Dummies. I will not have another after they, without warning, attacked and almost killed my other dog who they had been best buddies with for their entire lives. One of them choked my saluki unconscious and ran around the house with her like a panther with a dead gazelle while we tried to get her to let go. When they were good, they were delightful; when they were bad, they were deadly.
http://on.fb.me/1MgdlvK

DOUGLAS SKINNER, DVM

I have been in veterinary practice for 43 years and never have seen anything like the infusion of this breed. Having worked with more than 100,000 dogs of all breeds, I defy any apologist to offer up such experience.
Sure, there are sweet pits, but telling one from the bad ones, the Jekyll and Hyde ones that can be incited to violence by some catalyst, is near impossible. While most apologists fancy themselves good trainers, 95 percent of owners are clueless.
http://on.jconline.com/1LyoqLs
http://www.webcitation.org/6c6QRqDdB

MICHAEL D. BREED, Ph.D., Professor, University of Colorado, Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Certain breeds have been selected for enhanced dominance and aggression. Pit bulls and Rottweilers currently receive the most public attention in this regard, and pit bulls have been banned in many locations because they are perceived as being dangerous. While advocates of these breeds claim that maltreatment is a more likely underlying cause of the kind of aggression leading to biting incidents (some of which involve human fatalities), in fact we know that personality is fairly unresponsive to environment. Aggressive and dominant personalities likely only remain in check because dogs' owners have established themselves in a position of dominance over the animal, and other people are at risk, particularly when the owner is absent.
http://bit.ly/1xesqVr 2003

EMILY WEISS, DVM, ASPCA professional contributor

I also think it is very important for us to make clear the breed traits of the dogs when we can identify the breed or breed mix.
We can share both individual dog behavior as identified in the shelter, as well as breed traits – the fact is, if someone wants a dog who points, what would we guide them to – a pointer or a Chihuahua? While we can probably teach that Chi to point, the adopter would be less likely to leave with unrealistic expectations if we sent him home with a pointer. Breed does matter. Physical characteristics lead to increased likelihood of particular behaviors and lines bred specifically for work likely being more pronounced – be it pointing, chasing or even arousal when feeling discomfort.
Ignoring breed can lead us to set dogs up for failure. Recently an individual from a shelter reached out to me for advice after a dog fight. Two, let’s say, JRT-type dogs were introduced for a play group, and while they did well together for the first few minutes, inappropriate behavior of one led to a significant fight that was quite difficult to end. Dogs who tend to grab, hold and not let go in fights with other dogs might not be the best candidates for play groups in shelters with limited resources and limited training. Obviously many JRTs will greatly benefit from play groups, and by noting both the individual behavior and, when possible, the breed, we can assure we apply the right programs for each dog. Now, let’s replace JRT with pit bull terrier in the story above and we may raise a few more eyebrows – but we are not maligning a breed, we are supporting them! http://bit.ly/1toAQ9G

BENJAMIN HART, professor emeritus at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine and animal behaviorist

"It's quite common for a pit bull to show no signs of aggression. People will call it a nice dog, a sweet dog, even the neighbors - and then all of a sudden something triggers the dog, and it attacks a human in a characteristic way of biting and hanging on until a lot of damage is done."
Hart said pit bulls are responsible for about 60 percent of dog attack fatalities each year, which is "way out of proportion" compared with other breeds. Pit bulls make up less than 5 percent of the American dog population.
"It's very poor policy to allow any child around a pit bull, in my mind, let alone climb on a dog."
http://bit.ly/1040Eh1


TARYN BLYTH, Dog Trainer, Animal Behaviorist, DipCABT

No one is saying that a lot of Pit Bulls can’t be “successfully” socialised with other dogs. Many socialised from puppyhood are very friendly and outgoing with other dogs. The problem arises if and when fighting behaviour is triggered. Even if the Pit Bull does not start the fight, getting into conflict with another animal will often trigger their “grab, shake and kill” response.
“Normal” dogs engage in “ritualised” forms of aggression when they come into conflict. This involves lots of noise, but no real damage. However, when Pit Bulls fight they engage the shake-bite/kill-bite part of the predatory sequence with often fatal or near fatal results. There is seldom time to intervene to rescue the other dog before serious damage is done.
When Pit Bulls engage in a fight, far from this inducing an aversive state of mind (most dogs are in a defensive, survival mode during fights), opioids and dopamine are released in their brains making them feel really good - this feeling is so pleasurable that they will often seek out this behaviour again. In the same way that a border collie is built to feel really good when herding sheep, Pit Bulls are built to feel really good when fighting.
Due to the opioid release during fights, Pit Bulls do not feel pain and so fight on regardless of injury - trying to stop a fight is incredibly difficult.
When “normal” dogs fight, they usually respond to appeasement behaviour from their “opponent” i.e. as fighting is not designed to kill, but to resolve conflict without serious harm, one dog may “give in” and display behaviour which will cause the other dog to back off. Pit Bulls do not respond to appeasement behaviour during fights as this would have been counterproductive in the fighting pits and has been bred out of them.
In my experience Pit Bulls have a very low reactivity threshold - this means that stimuli at low intensities which would be ignored by other dogs are often triggers for aggressive behaviour in the breed. They also have very high arousal levels - they become physiologically aroused very quickly and to extreme levels.

One of the huge problems is actually the fact that the breed is extremely friendly and when well-socialised they are usually quite tolerant and very sweet. What people don’t realise is that the danger does not lie in the fearful, defensive under-socialised Pit Bull (as is so often the case with other breeds), it lies in the dog who will be triggered not into defensive behaviour, but into a predatory/fighting behaviour which is enjoyable and carried out in a happy state of mind - therefore a happy, outgoing dog is in this case no guarantee that one will not have a problem. In fact, due to the sociable nature of the dogs and apparent easy-going temperament, Pit Bulls are often put into situations which they are not equipped to handle - this is how so many tragedies occur.
http://bit.ly/2jVOCVf

HUGH WIRTH, veterinarian, RSPCA Victoria president

Dr Hugh Wirth said the dogs were a menace and were not suitable as pets for anyone.
"They are time bombs waiting for the right circumstances.''
"The American pit bull terrier is lethal because it was a breed that was developed purely for dog fighting, in other words killing the opposition.
"They should never have been allowed into the country. They are an absolute menace."
“The fact of life is that the community doesn't want American pit bull terriers. They've said it loud and clear over and over again - they want them banned.”
http://bit.ly/FdHRS


NICHOLAS DODMAN, BVMS, MRCVS, ACVB, ACVA - Animal Behavior Clinic - Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine - Tufts University

After a spate of attacks by pit bulls this summer, Massachusetts lawmakers passed legislation requiring the dogs to be muzzled in public. Some pit bull owners protested, but a Tufts expert says the law may be a good idea. Breeds like pit bulls and Rottweilers, says animal behavior expert Nick Dodman, are hardwired for aggression.
“Some of these dogs are as dangerous as a loaded handgun,” Dodman– director of the Animal Behavior Clinic at TuftsSchool of Veterinary Medicine – said in an interviewwith The Boston Globe Magazine.
Genetics play a big role.
“No doubt about it, pit bulls are genetically predisposed toward aggression,” he told the magazine. “Justas certain breeds of dogs were bred to herd, certain were bred to hunt, certain to point, and others to swim.”
While most pet owners accept that their dogs have certain genetic behavioral characteristics, there is still resistance to the idea that some dogs are more dangerous than others.
“Everybody accepts [genetic behaviors like herding or hunting] until you throw in the word ‘aggression’ and things like a full, crushing bite, which some breeds were specifically bred for in the past.”
http://bit.ly/1hrkCak


KATHERINE HOUPT, VMD, PhD, DACVB

Says Katherine Houpt, director of the Animal Behavior Clinic at Cornell and author of Domestic Animal Behavior: "Different breeds have genetic predispositions to certain kinds of behavior, though that can be influenced by how they are raised. The pit bull is an innately aggressive breed, often owned by someone who wants an aggressive dog, so they're going to encourage it."
Pit bulls have been bred specifically to be aggressive
http://bit.ly/bdly3O


Kathryn Hawkins, DVM

After seeing another dog die from a pit bull attack, I feel compelled to write. The opinion that pit bulls are "mean because of the way they are raised" is often not the case.
Both of the dogs I took care of that died were attacked unprovoked by pit bulls that were in families that raised them responsibly.
Just as a retriever is bred to hunt birds -- an instinct you can't stop -- many pit bulls have a genetic tendency to attack other animals. When they do, they are extremely powerful and don't quit.
I have never been bitten or growled at by a pit bull -- they are very friendly. But when the instinct to attack another animal occurs, they cause serious damage, or death. They don't bite people any more often than other breeds but when they do, it's bad.
The aggressiveness toward other animals and damage they do is not because of "the way they are raised" -- it is usually due to a genetic instinct not in the control of the owner.
http://bit.ly/GDr2YE

ARTHUR HERM, veterinarian, animal control

He said he disagrees with those people who believe they can train aggressiveness out of dogs, and added he believes aggressiveness is “inherent” and “genetic” in all dogs while pit bulls “seem to have more of that.”
http://bit.ly/15RyBBc

MICHAEL W. FOX, veterinarian, animal behaviorist

"I spent 20 years studying the behavior of dogs and it's not in their nature. Man, has created a monster, If you wish...These dogs were selectively bred to fight, they have greater propensity to fight than other animals, which is brought out in training."
"They can attack people, and because the attitudes of Pit Bulls it is more likely they will attack people. The worry is the power of the dogs jaw...to bite and not let go. It's quite sufficient to crush right through a child's arm or leg."
SHERYL BLAIR, Tufts Veterinary School symposium - Animal Aggression: Dog Bites and the Pit Bull Terrier
Unfortunately the pit bull, when it attacks, doesn't merely bite man—or, most horribly, child—it clamps its powerful jaws down and literally tears its victim apart. "The injuries these dogs inflict are more serious than other breeds because they go for the deep musculature and don't release; they hold and shake…"
http://bit.ly/1gcq0Tf

COLLEEN HODGES, Veterinary Public Health spokeswoman

Some families think that they can raise a loving pet if they treat a pit bull like any other dog. They may not realize that the dog was bred to fight and that some of these dogs may have fighting in their genes.
They are tough, strong, tenacious. They are much more capable of inflicting serious damage, and some of them do. I would not recommend pits as a family dog.
http://bit.ly/18badyp

GARY WILKES, animal behaviorist

No other breed in America is currently bred for fighting, in such great numbers as the American Pit Bull Terrier. No other breed has instinctive behaviors that are so consistently catastrophic when they occur, regardless of how rarely they happen. The reality is that every English Pointer has the ability to point a bird. Every Cattle Dog has the ability to bite the heel of a cow and every Beagle has the ability to make an obnoxious bugling noise when it scents a rabbit or sees a cat walking on the back fence. Realistically, if your English Pointer suddenly and unpredictably points at a bird in the park, nobody cares. If my Heeler nips your ankle, I’m going to take care of your injuries and probably be fined for the incident. If your Beagle bugles too much, you’ll get a ticket for a noise violation. If your Pit Bull does what it’s bred to do...well, you fill in the blank.
http://bit.ly/1aBfJZD

ALEXANDRA SEMYONOVA, animal behaviorist

You will also not prevent the dog from being what he is genetically predisposed to be. Because the inbred postures and behaviors feel good, fitting the body and brain the dog has been bred with, they are internally motivated and internally rewarded. This means that the behavior is practically impossible to extinguish by manipulating external environmental stimuli. The reward is not in the environment, but in the dog itself! As Coppinger and Coppinger (2001, p. 202) put it, “The dog gets such pleasure out of performing its motor pattern that it keeps looking for places to display it.” Some dogs get stuck in their particular inbred motor pattern.
As pointed out above, this kind of aggression has appeared in some other breeds as an unexpected and undesired anomaly – the golden retriever, the Berner Senne hund, the cocker spaniel have all had this problem.The lovers of aggressive breeds try to use these breeding accidents to prove that their aggressive breeds are just like any other dog, “see, they’re no different from the cuddly breeds.” But a cuddly breed sometimes ending up stuck with a genetic disaster does not prove that the behavior is normal canine behavior. All it proves is that the behavior is genetically determined.
http://bit.ly/92dzd


JOHN FAUL, animal behaviorist

Faul said they were dangerous and a threat to life. He said the pitbull was bred to be absolutely fearless and had a "hair-trigger" attack response.
"The cardinal rule is that these dogs are not pets," he said.
"The only way to keep them is in a working environment."
He said the only relationship one could have with the pitbull was one of "dominance, sub-dominance", in which the dog was reminded daily of its position.
http://bit.ly/162ymZo


ANDREW ROWAN, PhD, Center for Animals and Public Policy - Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine - Tufts University

"A pit bull is trained to inflict the maximum amount of damage in the shortest amount of time. Other dogs bite and hold. A Doberman or a German shepherd won't tear if you stand still. A pit bull is more likely to remove a piece of tissue. Dogs fight as a last resort under most circumstances. But a pit bull will attack without warning. If a dog shows a submissive characteristic, such as rolling over most dogs wills top their attack. A pit bull will disembowel its victim."
"A study by Dr Randall Lockwood of the US Humane Society found that pit bulls are more likely to break restraints to attack someone and that pit bulls are more likely to attack their owners, possibly as a result of owners trying to separate their dogs from victims."
http://bit.ly/19HYAvc


ALAN BECK, Sc.D

However, Alan Beck, director of the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine Center of the Human-Animal Bond, favors letting the breed go into extinction.
“This breed alone is a risk of serious public health factors,” Beck said. “We are keeping them alive against their own best interests.”
Beck said while he does not advocate taking dogs from current and caring owners, he does feel that it has become more of a social and political issue for people than a health one.
“If these dogs were carrying an actual disease, people would advocate euthanizing them,” Beck said. “This breed itself is not natural.”
"It has this sort of mystique that attracts a population of people. Of course, most of these dogs are never going to bite, as champions of the breed will tell you. But most people who smoke don't get cancer, but we know regulations help reduce a significant risk."
"I know you're going to get beat up for this. But they just aren't good dogs to own. That's why so many of them are relinquished to shelters. There are too many other breeds out there to take a chance on these guys."
http://bit.ly/19LBioj


Adapted with thanks from Craven Desires
at 6:10 PM Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest
Labels: Animal Science Experts, Experts
Newer Post Older Post Home

Joined: Oct 2011
Posts: 59,239
Likes: 38
Campfire Kahuna
Offline
Campfire Kahuna
Joined: Oct 2011
Posts: 59,239
Likes: 38


Paul

"I'd rather see a sermon than hear a sermon".... D.A.D.

Trump Won!, Sandmann Won!, Rittenhouse Won!, Suck it Liberal Fuuktards.

molɔ̀ːn labé skýla

Joined: Oct 2004
Posts: 26,642
Likes: 20
Campfire Ranger
Offline
Campfire Ranger
Joined: Oct 2004
Posts: 26,642
Likes: 20
Originally Posted by joken2

http://safetybeforebulldogs.blogspot.com/2014/04/animal-science-experts-on-pit-bulls.html

Quote


Wednesday, August 9, 2017

Animal Science Experts on Pit Bulls
Animal Science Experts: Behaviorists, Biologists, Geneticists, Veterinarians, and other science professionals on pit bulls

Karin Pienaar, Animal Behaviorist, Senior Lecturer, DipCABT (COAPE) OCN, CertCAB, CAPBT Practitioner

It's important to understand that when a Pit Bull Terrier is engaged in aggression they are not being vicious, more often they are not having fun - because that is what the dog is bred to do. When a dog is able to do what they've been bred to do they have a huge release of dopamine which makes them feel fantastic.
http://bit.ly/2vGbdgV

Caroline Coile, Ph.D., Canine Research and Writing, author of "Pit Bulls for Dummies," 2015 inductee Dog Writers Association of America Hall of Fame

I am the author of Pit Bulls for Dummies. I will not have another after they, without warning, attacked and almost killed my other dog who they had been best buddies with for their entire lives. One of them choked my saluki unconscious and ran around the house with her like a panther with a dead gazelle while we tried to get her to let go. When they were good, they were delightful; when they were bad, they were deadly.
http://on.fb.me/1MgdlvK

DOUGLAS SKINNER, DVM

I have been in veterinary practice for 43 years and never have seen anything like the infusion of this breed. Having worked with more than 100,000 dogs of all breeds, I defy any apologist to offer up such experience.
Sure, there are sweet pits, but telling one from the bad ones, the Jekyll and Hyde ones that can be incited to violence by some catalyst, is near impossible. While most apologists fancy themselves good trainers, 95 percent of owners are clueless.
http://on.jconline.com/1LyoqLs
http://www.webcitation.org/6c6QRqDdB

MICHAEL D. BREED, Ph.D., Professor, University of Colorado, Dept. of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology

Certain breeds have been selected for enhanced dominance and aggression. Pit bulls and Rottweilers currently receive the most public attention in this regard, and pit bulls have been banned in many locations because they are perceived as being dangerous. While advocates of these breeds claim that maltreatment is a more likely underlying cause of the kind of aggression leading to biting incidents (some of which involve human fatalities), in fact we know that personality is fairly unresponsive to environment. Aggressive and dominant personalities likely only remain in check because dogs' owners have established themselves in a position of dominance over the animal, and other people are at risk, particularly when the owner is absent.
http://bit.ly/1xesqVr 2003

EMILY WEISS, DVM, ASPCA professional contributor

I also think it is very important for us to make clear the breed traits of the dogs when we can identify the breed or breed mix.
We can share both individual dog behavior as identified in the shelter, as well as breed traits – the fact is, if someone wants a dog who points, what would we guide them to – a pointer or a Chihuahua? While we can probably teach that Chi to point, the adopter would be less likely to leave with unrealistic expectations if we sent him home with a pointer. Breed does matter. Physical characteristics lead to increased likelihood of particular behaviors and lines bred specifically for work likely being more pronounced – be it pointing, chasing or even arousal when feeling discomfort.
Ignoring breed can lead us to set dogs up for failure. Recently an individual from a shelter reached out to me for advice after a dog fight. Two, let’s say, JRT-type dogs were introduced for a play group, and while they did well together for the first few minutes, inappropriate behavior of one led to a significant fight that was quite difficult to end. Dogs who tend to grab, hold and not let go in fights with other dogs might not be the best candidates for play groups in shelters with limited resources and limited training. Obviously many JRTs will greatly benefit from play groups, and by noting both the individual behavior and, when possible, the breed, we can assure we apply the right programs for each dog. Now, let’s replace JRT with pit bull terrier in the story above and we may raise a few more eyebrows – but we are not maligning a breed, we are supporting them! http://bit.ly/1toAQ9G

BENJAMIN HART, professor emeritus at the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine and animal behaviorist

"It's quite common for a pit bull to show no signs of aggression. People will call it a nice dog, a sweet dog, even the neighbors - and then all of a sudden something triggers the dog, and it attacks a human in a characteristic way of biting and hanging on until a lot of damage is done."
Hart said pit bulls are responsible for about 60 percent of dog attack fatalities each year, which is "way out of proportion" compared with other breeds. Pit bulls make up less than 5 percent of the American dog population.
"It's very poor policy to allow any child around a pit bull, in my mind, let alone climb on a dog."
http://bit.ly/1040Eh1


TARYN BLYTH, Dog Trainer, Animal Behaviorist, DipCABT

No one is saying that a lot of Pit Bulls can’t be “successfully” socialised with other dogs. Many socialised from puppyhood are very friendly and outgoing with other dogs. The problem arises if and when fighting behaviour is triggered. Even if the Pit Bull does not start the fight, getting into conflict with another animal will often trigger their “grab, shake and kill” response.
“Normal” dogs engage in “ritualised” forms of aggression when they come into conflict. This involves lots of noise, but no real damage. However, when Pit Bulls fight they engage the shake-bite/kill-bite part of the predatory sequence with often fatal or near fatal results. There is seldom time to intervene to rescue the other dog before serious damage is done.
When Pit Bulls engage in a fight, far from this inducing an aversive state of mind (most dogs are in a defensive, survival mode during fights), opioids and dopamine are released in their brains making them feel really good - this feeling is so pleasurable that they will often seek out this behaviour again. In the same way that a border collie is built to feel really good when herding sheep, Pit Bulls are built to feel really good when fighting.
Due to the opioid release during fights, Pit Bulls do not feel pain and so fight on regardless of injury - trying to stop a fight is incredibly difficult.
When “normal” dogs fight, they usually respond to appeasement behaviour from their “opponent” i.e. as fighting is not designed to kill, but to resolve conflict without serious harm, one dog may “give in” and display behaviour which will cause the other dog to back off. Pit Bulls do not respond to appeasement behaviour during fights as this would have been counterproductive in the fighting pits and has been bred out of them.
In my experience Pit Bulls have a very low reactivity threshold - this means that stimuli at low intensities which would be ignored by other dogs are often triggers for aggressive behaviour in the breed. They also have very high arousal levels - they become physiologically aroused very quickly and to extreme levels.

One of the huge problems is actually the fact that the breed is extremely friendly and when well-socialised they are usually quite tolerant and very sweet. What people don’t realise is that the danger does not lie in the fearful, defensive under-socialised Pit Bull (as is so often the case with other breeds), it lies in the dog who will be triggered not into defensive behaviour, but into a predatory/fighting behaviour which is enjoyable and carried out in a happy state of mind - therefore a happy, outgoing dog is in this case no guarantee that one will not have a problem. In fact, due to the sociable nature of the dogs and apparent easy-going temperament, Pit Bulls are often put into situations which they are not equipped to handle - this is how so many tragedies occur.
http://bit.ly/2jVOCVf

HUGH WIRTH, veterinarian, RSPCA Victoria president

Dr Hugh Wirth said the dogs were a menace and were not suitable as pets for anyone.
"They are time bombs waiting for the right circumstances.''
"The American pit bull terrier is lethal because it was a breed that was developed purely for dog fighting, in other words killing the opposition.
"They should never have been allowed into the country. They are an absolute menace."
“The fact of life is that the community doesn't want American pit bull terriers. They've said it loud and clear over and over again - they want them banned.”
http://bit.ly/FdHRS


NICHOLAS DODMAN, BVMS, MRCVS, ACVB, ACVA - Animal Behavior Clinic - Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine - Tufts University

After a spate of attacks by pit bulls this summer, Massachusetts lawmakers passed legislation requiring the dogs to be muzzled in public. Some pit bull owners protested, but a Tufts expert says the law may be a good idea. Breeds like pit bulls and Rottweilers, says animal behavior expert Nick Dodman, are hardwired for aggression.
“Some of these dogs are as dangerous as a loaded handgun,” Dodman– director of the Animal Behavior Clinic at TuftsSchool of Veterinary Medicine – said in an interviewwith The Boston Globe Magazine.
Genetics play a big role.
“No doubt about it, pit bulls are genetically predisposed toward aggression,” he told the magazine. “Justas certain breeds of dogs were bred to herd, certain were bred to hunt, certain to point, and others to swim.”
While most pet owners accept that their dogs have certain genetic behavioral characteristics, there is still resistance to the idea that some dogs are more dangerous than others.
“Everybody accepts [genetic behaviors like herding or hunting] until you throw in the word ‘aggression’ and things like a full, crushing bite, which some breeds were specifically bred for in the past.”
http://bit.ly/1hrkCak


KATHERINE HOUPT, VMD, PhD, DACVB

Says Katherine Houpt, director of the Animal Behavior Clinic at Cornell and author of Domestic Animal Behavior: "Different breeds have genetic predispositions to certain kinds of behavior, though that can be influenced by how they are raised. The pit bull is an innately aggressive breed, often owned by someone who wants an aggressive dog, so they're going to encourage it."
Pit bulls have been bred specifically to be aggressive
http://bit.ly/bdly3O


Kathryn Hawkins, DVM

After seeing another dog die from a pit bull attack, I feel compelled to write. The opinion that pit bulls are "mean because of the way they are raised" is often not the case.
Both of the dogs I took care of that died were attacked unprovoked by pit bulls that were in families that raised them responsibly.
Just as a retriever is bred to hunt birds -- an instinct you can't stop -- many pit bulls have a genetic tendency to attack other animals. When they do, they are extremely powerful and don't quit.
I have never been bitten or growled at by a pit bull -- they are very friendly. But when the instinct to attack another animal occurs, they cause serious damage, or death. They don't bite people any more often than other breeds but when they do, it's bad.
The aggressiveness toward other animals and damage they do is not because of "the way they are raised" -- it is usually due to a genetic instinct not in the control of the owner.
http://bit.ly/GDr2YE

ARTHUR HERM, veterinarian, animal control

He said he disagrees with those people who believe they can train aggressiveness out of dogs, and added he believes aggressiveness is “inherent” and “genetic” in all dogs while pit bulls “seem to have more of that.”
http://bit.ly/15RyBBc

MICHAEL W. FOX, veterinarian, animal behaviorist

"I spent 20 years studying the behavior of dogs and it's not in their nature. Man, has created a monster, If you wish...These dogs were selectively bred to fight, they have greater propensity to fight than other animals, which is brought out in training."
"They can attack people, and because the attitudes of Pit Bulls it is more likely they will attack people. The worry is the power of the dogs jaw...to bite and not let go. It's quite sufficient to crush right through a child's arm or leg."
SHERYL BLAIR, Tufts Veterinary School symposium - Animal Aggression: Dog Bites and the Pit Bull Terrier
Unfortunately the pit bull, when it attacks, doesn't merely bite man—or, most horribly, child—it clamps its powerful jaws down and literally tears its victim apart. "The injuries these dogs inflict are more serious than other breeds because they go for the deep musculature and don't release; they hold and shake…"
http://bit.ly/1gcq0Tf

COLLEEN HODGES, Veterinary Public Health spokeswoman

Some families think that they can raise a loving pet if they treat a pit bull like any other dog. They may not realize that the dog was bred to fight and that some of these dogs may have fighting in their genes.
They are tough, strong, tenacious. They are much more capable of inflicting serious damage, and some of them do. I would not recommend pits as a family dog.
http://bit.ly/18badyp

GARY WILKES, animal behaviorist

No other breed in America is currently bred for fighting, in such great numbers as the American Pit Bull Terrier. No other breed has instinctive behaviors that are so consistently catastrophic when they occur, regardless of how rarely they happen. The reality is that every English Pointer has the ability to point a bird. Every Cattle Dog has the ability to bite the heel of a cow and every Beagle has the ability to make an obnoxious bugling noise when it scents a rabbit or sees a cat walking on the back fence. Realistically, if your English Pointer suddenly and unpredictably points at a bird in the park, nobody cares. If my Heeler nips your ankle, I’m going to take care of your injuries and probably be fined for the incident. If your Beagle bugles too much, you’ll get a ticket for a noise violation. If your Pit Bull does what it’s bred to do...well, you fill in the blank.
http://bit.ly/1aBfJZD

ALEXANDRA SEMYONOVA, animal behaviorist

You will also not prevent the dog from being what he is genetically predisposed to be. Because the inbred postures and behaviors feel good, fitting the body and brain the dog has been bred with, they are internally motivated and internally rewarded. This means that the behavior is practically impossible to extinguish by manipulating external environmental stimuli. The reward is not in the environment, but in the dog itself! As Coppinger and Coppinger (2001, p. 202) put it, “The dog gets such pleasure out of performing its motor pattern that it keeps looking for places to display it.” Some dogs get stuck in their particular inbred motor pattern.
As pointed out above, this kind of aggression has appeared in some other breeds as an unexpected and undesired anomaly – the golden retriever, the Berner Senne hund, the cocker spaniel have all had this problem.The lovers of aggressive breeds try to use these breeding accidents to prove that their aggressive breeds are just like any other dog, “see, they’re no different from the cuddly breeds.” But a cuddly breed sometimes ending up stuck with a genetic disaster does not prove that the behavior is normal canine behavior. All it proves is that the behavior is genetically determined.
http://bit.ly/92dzd


JOHN FAUL, animal behaviorist

Faul said they were dangerous and a threat to life. He said the pitbull was bred to be absolutely fearless and had a "hair-trigger" attack response.
"The cardinal rule is that these dogs are not pets," he said.
"The only way to keep them is in a working environment."
He said the only relationship one could have with the pitbull was one of "dominance, sub-dominance", in which the dog was reminded daily of its position.
http://bit.ly/162ymZo


ANDREW ROWAN, PhD, Center for Animals and Public Policy - Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine - Tufts University

"A pit bull is trained to inflict the maximum amount of damage in the shortest amount of time. Other dogs bite and hold. A Doberman or a German shepherd won't tear if you stand still. A pit bull is more likely to remove a piece of tissue. Dogs fight as a last resort under most circumstances. But a pit bull will attack without warning. If a dog shows a submissive characteristic, such as rolling over most dogs wills top their attack. A pit bull will disembowel its victim."
"A study by Dr Randall Lockwood of the US Humane Society found that pit bulls are more likely to break restraints to attack someone and that pit bulls are more likely to attack their owners, possibly as a result of owners trying to separate their dogs from victims."
http://bit.ly/19HYAvc


ALAN BECK, Sc.D

However, Alan Beck, director of the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine Center of the Human-Animal Bond, favors letting the breed go into extinction.
“This breed alone is a risk of serious public health factors,” Beck said. “We are keeping them alive against their own best interests.”
Beck said while he does not advocate taking dogs from current and caring owners, he does feel that it has become more of a social and political issue for people than a health one.
“If these dogs were carrying an actual disease, people would advocate euthanizing them,” Beck said. “This breed itself is not natural.”
"It has this sort of mystique that attracts a population of people. Of course, most of these dogs are never going to bite, as champions of the breed will tell you. But most people who smoke don't get cancer, but we know regulations help reduce a significant risk."
"I know you're going to get beat up for this. But they just aren't good dogs to own. That's why so many of them are relinquished to shelters. There are too many other breeds out there to take a chance on these guys."
http://bit.ly/19LBioj


Adapted with thanks from Craven Desires
at 6:10 PM Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest
Labels: Animal Science Experts, Experts
Newer Post Older Post Home





What the hell do those scientists know? People on the internet say pits are no different from other breeds. Who are you going to believe?

Last edited by PaulBarnard; 01/01/18.
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
S
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
S
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
RDW,

I find it SAD that you have NO FACTS but LOTS of ignorance & unreasoning HATE. = PITY.

yours, tex


"VICTORY OR DEATH"

William Barrett Travis, Lt.Col., comdt.
Fortress of The Alamo, Bejar
F'by 24, 1836
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
S
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
S
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
PaulBarnard,

Some of the "scientists" of the Center for Disease Control believe that we GIs and "gun-owners" are "likely to be dangerous to others", too.
(Should all of us veterans be WATCHED carefully as BHO said that we should be???)

"Scientists" often have STUPID & fact-free PREJUDICES in all too many cases, too.

yours, tex


"VICTORY OR DEATH"

William Barrett Travis, Lt.Col., comdt.
Fortress of The Alamo, Bejar
F'by 24, 1836
Joined: Jun 2002
Posts: 131,920
Likes: 52
T
Campfire Sage
Offline
Campfire Sage
T
Joined: Jun 2002
Posts: 131,920
Likes: 52
"No one is saying that a lot of Pit Bulls can’t be “successfully” socialised with other dogs. Many socialised from puppyhood are very friendly and outgoing with other dogs. The problem arises if and when fighting behaviour is triggered. Even if the Pit Bull does not start the fight, getting into conflict with another animal will often trigger their “grab, shake and kill” response.
“Normal” dogs engage in “ritualised” forms of aggression when they come into conflict. This involves lots of noise, but no real damage. However, when Pit Bulls fight they engage the shake-bite/kill-bite part of the predatory sequence with often fatal or near fatal results. There is seldom time to intervene to rescue the other dog before serious damage is done.
When Pit Bulls engage in a fight, far from this inducing an aversive state of mind (most dogs are in a defensive, survival mode during fights), opioids and dopamine are released in their brains making them feel really good - this feeling is so pleasurable that they will often seek out this behaviour again. In the same way that a border collie is built to feel really good when herding sheep, Pit Bulls are built to feel really good when fighting.
Due to the opioid release during fights, Pit Bulls do not feel pain and so fight on regardless of injury - trying to stop a fight is incredibly difficult.
When “normal” dogs fight, they usually respond to appeasement behaviour from their “opponent” i.e. as fighting is not designed to kill, but to resolve conflict without serious harm, one dog may “give in” and display behaviour which will cause the other dog to back off. Pit Bulls do not respond to appeasement behaviour during fights as this would have been counterproductive in the fighting pits and has been bred out of them.
In my experience Pit Bulls have a very low reactivity threshold - this means that stimuli at low intensities which would be ignored by other dogs are often triggers for aggressive behaviour in the breed. They also have very high arousal levels - they become physiologically aroused very quickly and to extreme levels.

One of the huge problems is actually the fact that the breed is extremely friendly and when well-socialised they are usually quite tolerant and very sweet. What people don’t realise is that the danger does not lie in the fearful, defensive under-socialised Pit Bull (as is so often the case with other breeds), it lies in the dog who will be triggered not into defensive behaviour, but into a predatory/fighting behaviour which is enjoyable and carried out in a happy state of mind - therefore a happy, outgoing dog is in this case no guarantee that one will not have a problem. In fact, due to the sociable nature of the dogs and apparent easy-going temperament, Pit Bulls are often put into situations which they are not equipped to handle - this is how so many tragedies occur."

There's nothing in there that I disagree with.

Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
S
Campfire Regular
Offline
Campfire Regular
S
Joined: Jun 2013
Posts: 2,987
The Real Hawkeye,

I would NOT suggest that ANYONE try to intervene in a fight between 2 or more dogs UNLESS you are a trained professional & are UNAFRAID to be bitten & perhaps even "severely mauled".
My old Personal Protection Dog was a spayed Doberman bitch & she responded to a DOWN/STAY command (in GERMAN) every time & W/O delay BUT I wouldn't have trusted any other person (except my late wife) to try to intervene in a fight between her & another canine.
(Any PPD is a "loaded deadly weapon" that MUST be "in control" all the time & VERY well-trained to OBEY and W/O any delay.)

What you said is also TRUE about German Shepherds, Airedales, the several sorts of Mastiffs, Great Danes, Chow Chows & any number of other working breeds. = Working breeds don't threaten. They BITE at once & hard IN a fight.
(Airedales just MAY be the most tenacious & game breed in a dog-fight. Further, the larger members of the breed are BIGGER & STRONGER than most any Pitt Bull. - They do NOT back down for anything, are often "hard-headed" & once IN a fight they often don't listen to commands to disengage. = FYI, the BIG Airedale terrier fears NOTHING on Planet Earth & usually has the brute strength to back up their fighting behavior. = The USAF no longer trains/uses them for "military working dogs" for that precise reason, though the USMC still had some "at last report".)

Last edited by satx78247; 01/01/18. Reason: addenda

"VICTORY OR DEATH"

William Barrett Travis, Lt.Col., comdt.
Fortress of The Alamo, Bejar
F'by 24, 1836
Page 15 of 24 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 23 24

Moderated by  RickBin 

Link Copied to Clipboard
AX24

149 members (450yukon, 673, 1minute, 2ndwind, 10gaugemag, 26 invisible), 1,022 guests, and 921 robots.
Key: Admin, Global Mod, Mod
Forum Statistics
Forums81
Topics1,193,845
Posts18,517,354
Members74,020
Most Online11,491
Jul 7th, 2023


 


Fish & Game Departments | Solunar Tables | Mission Statement | Privacy Policy | Contact Us | DMCA
Hunting | Fishing | Camping | Backpacking | Reloading | Campfire Forums | Gear Shop
Copyright © 2000-2024 24hourcampfire.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved.



Powered by UBB.threads™ PHP Forum Software 7.7.5
(Release build 20201027)
Responsive Width:

PHP: 7.3.33 Page Time: 0.082s Queries: 55 (0.015s) Memory: 0.9885 MB (Peak: 1.1598 MB) Data Comp: Zlib Server Time: 2024-05-17 06:30:27 UTC
Valid HTML 5 and Valid CSS