Quickload lists burn temperature, but I believe it is the so called bomb test (Closed Cylinder) so may not apply the same in a cartridge. I have also read ball powders are less abrasive than stick and reduce wear from un-burnt powder in the throat. This might just be speculation.
Do higher velocities reduce barrel time and somewhat compensate for heavier charges and erosion?
(sic)
Pick a bullet of a given diameter and weight and lets say you want to push it 3000 fps. You'll need a given cartridge case size to achieve that velocity, and will burn a given amount of powder to achieve that. Your barrel will only last so long. If you want to push the same bullet 3500 fps, you'll need a larger case burning more powder and your barrel life will be shortened.
What you can use is barrel length to increase the accurate life of a barrel. A .308 with a 26" barrel is going to have a significantly longer barrel life than a 300 win mag cut to whatever length matches the velocity. You have less dwell time in the barrel in the 300 win mag, but a barrel will last way longer with a nominal 45 gr powder charge in the the .308 than a nominal 70 gr charge in the win mag.
