Butch -

I think most people would have problems measuring the axis of a throat without indicating on the chamber so unless it’s way out it would be hard to see with a scope as well...

BUT you asked —- so here is one way to do it (not recommending this)

Say a guy is extending a throat with a throat reamer that doesn’t touch the sides of the chamber, and doesn’t dial the barrel in based on the existing chamber... . Then extends the throat.

OK there you go.... throat on one axis / chamber on another .... === not coaxial.
If one did it with a standard reamer and it wasn’t dialed in if the floating reamer holder can’t compensate... you could end up with a screwed up chamber as well so who cares about the misalignment if you ruined the barrel.... (why I didn’t think you actually wanted an answer)...

Cheers.