I looked up Ramshot data with Magnum and 120-grain bullets:
6.5x55, 2821 fps, 55,000 psi
6.5/.284, 3245 fps, 62,000 psi
So yeah, the 6.5/.284 is getting 300 extra fps but at considerably higher pressure.
Here's Hodgdon's data for 120's:
6.5x55, 2913 fps
6.5/.284, 2979 fps
Hodgdon data for 129's:
6.5x55, 2792 fps
6.5/.284, 2910 fps
Nosler data for 120's :
6.5x55 (23" barrel), 3002 fps
6.5/.284 (26" barrel), 3175 fps
Please note the barrel length difference in the Nosler data.
My experience is that barrel length makes a difference of 25-30 fps per inch on average, not 20 fps. This is with cutting the same barrel, not by comparing different barrels.