in 1988 i was 13 and i shot a small doe near my house(my first deer). it was when federal first started loading 150gr. partitions. the bullet passed through both lungs and out the other side. i think since then deer have evolved into a near bullet proof animal needing a minimum of a 30cal. w/180 gr. bullets going at least 3000fps. i still have that 30-30 and shoot it often but i have not had it hunting in about 3 years.